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Delirium
- See Also
- Definition
- Acute Confusional State
- Risk Factors
- Age over 60 years
- Drug or Alcohol addiction and withdrawal
- Prior brain injury (vascular or traumatic injury)
- Hearing Loss or Decreased Visual Acuity
- Insomnia or other sleep deprivation
- Polypharmacy
- Hospitalization or post-surgery
- Multiple comorbid conditions
- Poor nutritional status
- Hepatic failure
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Poor nutritional status
- Precipitating Factors
- Infection
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte abnormalities
- Myocardial Infarction
- Arrhythmia
- Sleep Deprivation
- More than 3 medications added within 24 hours
- Psychoactive medications
- Criteria
- Rapid deterioration in all higher cortical functions
- Mental status fluctuates widely
- Short duration of symptoms (Hours to days)
- Disturbance in both Level of Consciousness and content
- Autonomic Instability (Abnormal vital signs)
- Signs
- Fluctuating levels of consciousness
- Inattention
- Perseveration
- Decreased alertness
- Disorientation
- Extremes of activity
- Somnolence to agitation
- Disorganized thought processes (delusions)
- Memory Impairment (especially short term)
- Perceptual disturbances
- Persecutory delusions are common
- Visual hallucinations rare except in organic cause
- Emotional lability
- Motor changes
- Myoclonus
- Asterixis
- Fluctuating levels of consciousness
- Course
- Reversible in over 80% of cases
- Evaluation
- See Confusion Assessment Method
- See Altered Level of Consciousness (includes labs)
- Electroencephalogram
- Diffuse slow waves
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management: Pharmacologic
- Precautions
- Antipsychotics are associated with increased mortality in the elderly
- Use only short-term and only when non-pharmacologic measures fail
- Limit to monitored settings
- See each agent for contraindications and adverse effects before use
- Agents: First-Line
- Haloperidol 0.5 to 1 mg orally twice daily
- Agents: Second-line
- Risperidone (Risperdal) 0.5 mg orally twice daily
- Olanzapine (Zyprexa) 2.5 to 5 mg orally twice daily
- Quetiapine (Seroquel) 25 mg orally twice daily
- Agents: Other
- Lorazepam 0.5 to 1 mg orally every 4 hours as needed
- Limit to Parkinson Disease, Drug Withdrawal, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Lorazepam 0.5 to 1 mg orally every 4 hours as needed
- Precautions
- Prevention
- Optimize hydration and nutrition
- Early mobilization of patients
- Avoid sedatives for sleep (see Sleep Hygiene)
- Reduce restraints and catheters
- Reorient patient frequently (involve family presence)
- Correct vision and hearing
- Avoid psychoactive medications
- References
Delirium (C0011206) | |
|---|---|
| Definition (MSH) | A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2) |
| Definition (CSP) | disorder characterized by confusion, inattentiveness, disorientation, illusions, hallucinations, agitation and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity; may result from toxic or metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions; condition may also be acute and reversible. |
| Concepts | Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction (T048) |
| MSH | D003693 |
| English | ABS - Acute brain syndrome, Acute brain syndrome, acute delirium, BRAIN SYNDROME ACUTE, Delirious, Delirium, SYNDROME BRAIN ACUTE |
| Spanish | con delirio, delira, delirio, sindrome cerebral agudo |
| Parent Concepts | Delirium (C0011206), Transient organic psychotic conditions (C0859649), Neurologic Manifestations (C0027854), Mental disorders (C0004936), Brain Diseases (C0006111), Psychotic Disorders (C0033975), BRAIN IRRITATION (C0549636), COGNITIVE/CORTICAL DISORDERS (C0549639), Confusion (C0009676), Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders (C0029227), Mental and Behavioral Signs and Symptoms (C0237088), cancer-related problem/condition (C0280950), Consciousness disturbance NOS (C0234428), [X]Delirium, not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive subs (C0494372), Duplicate concept (C1274013), Reason not stated concept (C1276325) |
| Sources | AOD, COSTAR, CSP, CST, DXP, LCH, MSH, MTH, NCI, NDFRT, PDQ, QMR, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System) |
