Neurology Book

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Down Syndrome

Aka: Down Syndrome, Mongolism, Trisomy 21
  1. Epidemiology
    1. One in 670 to 1000 live births
  2. Risk Factors
    1. Advanced Maternal Age over 34
    2. Prior child with Trisomy 21 (1% recurrence risk)
    3. Carriers of a balanced translocation of Chromosome 21
  3. Pathophysiology
    1. Trisomy of Chromosome 21 (Segment 21q22, long arm)
      1. Usually trisomy of entire chromosome (97%)
      2. May also involve partial chromosome as translocation
  4. Signs
    1. Moderate to severe mental retardation
    2. Hypotonicity
    3. Head and Facies
      1. Brachycephaly (100%)
      2. Small anteroposterior cranial dimension
      3. Posterior third Fontanel
      4. Small, low set ears
      5. Persistent epicanthic folds (90%)
      6. Mongoloid slant eyes (90%)
      7. Esotropia (50%)
      8. Brushfield's Spots (Speckled) of iris (50%)
      9. Short flat nose
      10. Macroglossia (75%)
      11. Small chin
    4. Body Habitus
      1. Broad short neck
      2. Protuberant Abdomen
    5. Hands
      1. Short fingers
      2. Curved pinky finger
      3. Single Simian crease with loss of palmar crease
    6. Foot
      1. Absence of whorl on ball of foot
        1. Presence of whorl suggests a normal child
    7. Cardiopulmonary
      1. Cardiac murmur (50%)
  5. Labs
    1. Karyotype
      1. 47 chromosomes with Trisomy 21
  6. Associated Conditions
    1. Neurologic
      1. Mental Retardation (IQ of 40-45)
      2. Seizure disorder
      3. Alzheimer's Disease clinically evident
        1. Age 30-39: 0 to 10% Prevalence
        2. Age 40-49: 10 to 25% Prevalence
        3. Age 50-59: 28 to 55% Prevalence
        4. Age 60-69: 30 to 75% Prevalence
    2. Mental Illness (30%)
      1. Major Depression (treat with SSRIs)
      2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
      3. Physical abuse or sexual abuse history
      4. Conduct Disorder
      5. Self-Talk (Soliloquy) is normal (esp. when stressed)
    3. Endocrine
      1. Hypogonadism (100% in males)
      2. Congenital Hypothyroidism (10 to 40%)
      3. Hyperthyroidism
      4. Diabetes Mellitus
    4. Orthopedic
      1. Atlantoaxial Instability (14%)
      2. Spinal cord compression
    5. Cardiovascular
      1. Polycythemia
      2. Mitral Valve Prolapse
      3. Congenital Heart Disease (50%)
        1. Endocardial cushion defect
        2. Ventricular Septal Defect
    6. Gastrointestinal
      1. Duodenal atresia
      2. Bowel Obstruction
    7. Otolaryngology
      1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (50%)
      2. Conductive and Sensorineural Hearing Loss (70%)
      3. Periodontal Disease and Gingivitis
    8. Ophthalmology
      1. Cataracts (13%)
      2. Refractive Error
      3. Keratoconus (15%)
    9. Dermatology
      1. Xerosis
    10. Malignancy
      1. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
      2. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
      3. Testicular Cancer
  7. Labs: Screening
    1. Blood Glucose periodically
    2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) yearly
  8. Management
    1. Disposition Options for Adult Patients
      1. Independent living with supervision
      2. Group Homes
    2. Adults assumed competent to make medical decisions
      1. Address competence early if questionable
      2. Consider guardianship
      3. Evaluate Advanced Directives
      4. Consider power of attorney for finances and health
  9. Prevention
    1. Standard Child and Adult Immunization Schedules
    2. Routine cancer screening as general population
    3. Specific Disease Screening
      1. See Lab Testing above
      2. Auditory screening every 2 years
      3. Ophthalmology exam every 2 years
      4. Dental exam every 6 months
      5. Major Depression
      6. Alzheimer's Disease (over age 35 to 40 years)
      7. Mitral Valve Prolapse and valvular regurgitation
        1. Screening with careful auscultation sufficient
        2. SBE Prophylaxis if valve disease suspected
        3. Echocardiogram for confirmation
      8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea symptoms and signs
      9. Atlantoaxial Instability
        1. Ask family about Atlantoaxial Instability symptoms
        2. Annual Neurologic Exam of upper extremities
    4. Men's Exam
      1. Testicular exam yearly
    5. Women's Exam
      1. Consider modified Pap Smear
        1. Localize cervical os on bimanual exam
        2. Guide cytology brush into cervical os
      2. Consider pelvic ultrasound instead of bimanual exam
      3. Consider Sedation with anesthesiology support
        1. Consider combining with other procedures if sedated
        2. Sedation medications
          1. Midazolam (Versed) PO or IV
          2. Ketamine
  10. Counseling
    1. Good dental hygiene
    2. Diet and Exercise
    3. Obesity
    4. Tobacco Cessation
    5. Alcohol use
    6. Accident prevention
    7. Contraception
    8. Functional Training
      1. Speech Therapy and Language Therapy
      2. Vocational training or job coach
    9. Support group for parent
  11. Prognosis
    1. Life expectancy: Age 50 to 60 years
  12. Resources
    1. Down Syndrome Clinic of Wisconsin
      1. http://www.family.mcw.edu/dscw
    2. Down Syndrome Health Issues by Dr. Leshin
      1. http://www.ds-health.com
    3. Denison Down Syndrome Quarterly
      1. http://www.denison.edu/dsq
    4. National Down Syndrome Congress
      1. http://www.ndsccenter.org/
    5. National Down Syndrome Society
      1. http://www.ndss.org
  13. References
    1. Cohen (1999) Down Syndrome Quarterly 4:1-15
    2. Smith (2001) Am Fam Physician 64(6):1031-40

Down Syndrome (C0013080)

Definition (NCI) A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21 in somatic cells.
Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

Down syndrome is set of mental and physical symptoms that result from having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Even though people with Down syndrome may have some physical and mental features in common, symptoms of Down syndrome can range from mild to severe. Usually, mental development and physical development are slower in people with Down syndrome than in those without it.

People with the syndrome may also have other health problems. They may be born with heart disease. They may have dementia. They may have hearing problems and problems with the intestines, eyes, thyroid and skeleton.

The chance of having a baby with Down syndrome increases as a woman gets older. Down syndrome cannot be cured. However, many people with Down syndrome live productive lives well into adulthood.

NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Definition (MSH) A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)
Definition (JABL) The most frequently occurring mental retardation/multiple anomaly syndrome usually involving more than 100 individual defects. Typical facies with upslanting palpebral fissures is the characteristic feature of this syndrome (hence the offensive designations "mongoloid idiocy" and "mongolism"). A wide range other defects, such as congenital heart diseases, respiratory disorders, and leukemia, may be associated. Down syndrome patients who survive into late adulthood may develop Alzheimer syndrome.
Definition (NCI) A chromosomal dysgenesis syndrome resulting from a triplication or translocation of chromosome 21. Down syndrome occurs in approximately 1:700 live births. Abnormalities are variable from individual to individual and may include mental retardation, retarded growth, flat hypoplastic face with short nose, prominent epicanthic skin folds, small low-set ears with prominent antihelix, fissured and thickened tongue, laxness of joint ligaments, pelvic dysplasia, broad hands and feet, stubby fingers, transverse palmar crease, lenticular opacities and heart disease. Patients with Down syndrome have an estimated 10 to 30-fold increased risk for leukemia; most have symptoms of Alzheimer's disease by age 40. Also known as trisomy 21 syndrome. --2004
Definition (CSP) chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21; clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, simian crease, and moderate to severe mental retardation.
Definition (NCI) A disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical features.
Concepts Congenital Abnormality (T019) , Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D004314
ICD9 758.0
ICD10 Q90, Q90.9
SnomedCT 157019002, 205618003, 41040004, 254263008, 205614001
English Chromosomal imbalance syndrome, pair 21, trisomy, Trisomy 21 syndrome, Down Syndrome, Down's Syndrome, Mongolism, Trisomy 21, Syndrome, Down's, Syndrome, Down, DOWN'S SYNDROME, Down's syndrome, MONGOLISM, MONGOLOIDISM, SYNDROME DOWN'S, TRISOMY 21 SYNDROME, Down's syndrome NOS, Down's syndrome, unspecified, Trisomy 21 NOS, trisomy 21 syndrome, DOWN SYNDROME, TRISOMY 21, mongolism, Trisomy 21 Syndrome, Downs syndrome, Down's syndrome (disorder), Down's syndrome NOS (disorder), trisomy 21 Down syndrome (diagnosis), trisomy 21 Down syndrome, Syndrome Down's, chromosome 21 trisomy syndrome, 21 trisomy, trisomy 21, congenital acromicria syndrome, Langdon Down syndrome, morbus Down, Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)Downs SyndromeTrisomy 21 Syndrome, Down Syndrome [Disease/Finding], Chromosome 21 trisomy, down s syndrome, morbus down, 21 trisomies, mongoloidism, downing syndrome, Down syndrome, unspecified, Complete trisomy 21 syndrome, Down syndrome, T21 - Trisomy 21, Complete trisomy 21 syndrome (disorder), Down, Langdon Down, chromosome; 21, trisomy, syndrome; trisomy, 21, trisomy; 21, trisomy; syndrome, 21, Down's syndrome - trisomy 21, Downs Syndrome, G Trisomy, Mongol
French MONGOLISME, SYNDROME DE DOWN, Mongolisme, Trisomie 21, Syndrome de Down
Portuguese SINDROME DE DOWN, MONGOLISMO, Trissomia 21, Mongolismo, Síndrome de Down, Trissomia do 21
Spanish SINDROME DE DOWN, MONGOLISMO, Trisomy 21, Down's syndrome, Mongolism, Down's syndrome - trisomy 21, mongolismo, Down's syndrome NOS, síndrome de Down, SAI (trastorno), síndrome de Down, SAI, síndrome de Down, síndrome de trisomía 21 completa (trastorno), síndrome de trisomía 21 completa, trisomía del par 21, Trisomia 21, Mongolismo, Sindrome de Down, Síndrome de Down, Trisomía 21
Dutch mongolisme, syndroom van Down, chromosoom; 21, trisomie, syndroom; trisomie, 21, trisomie; 21, trisomie; syndroom, 21, Syndroom van Down, niet gespecificeerd, trisomie 21, Syndroom van Down, Down-syndroom, Mongolisme, Syndroom, Down-, Trisomie 21
German Down Syndrom, DOWN SYNDROM, Down-Syndrom, nicht naeher bezeichnet, MONGOLISMUS, Down-Syndrom, Mongolismus, Trisomie 21
Japanese ２１トリソミー, ﾓｳｺｼｮｳ, ﾀﾞｳﾝｼｮｳｺｳｸﾞﾝ, 21ﾄﾘｿﾐｰ, Down症候群, Down症, ダウン症候群, トリソミー21, モンゴリスム, 蒙古症, モンゴリスムス
Swedish Downs syndrom
Czech Downův syndrom, mongolismus, Trizomie 21, Mongolismus
Finnish Downin oireyhtymä
Italian Mongolismo, Trisomia 21, Sindrome di Down, Sindrome Down
Russian MONGOLIZM, DAUNA SINDROM, EMBRIODIIA GENERALIZOVANNAIA FETAL'NAIA, KHROMOSOM 21-PARY SINDROM, TRISOMIIA 21, ДАУНА СИНДРОМ, МОНГОЛИЗМ, ТРИСОМИЯ 21, ХРОМОСОМ 21-ПАРЫ СИНДРОМ, ЭМБРИОДИЯ ГЕНЕРАЛИЗОВАННАЯ ФЕТАЛЬНАЯ
Korean 다운 증후군, 상세불명의 다운 증후군
Croatian DOWNOV SINDROM
Polish Mongolizm, Zespół Downa
Hungarian ((down-kór)), Down-syndroma, Syndroma Down, Trisomia 21
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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