Pediatrics Book

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Learning Disorder

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  1. See Also
    1. School Problem Evaluation
  2. Definition
    1. Discrepancy between IQ and achievement
      1. No obvious underlying neurologic Impairment
    2. Difficult to diagnose before second grade
  3. Epidemiology
    1. Affects 2-12% of school population
      1. Special education received by 10-12%
    2. Reading disorders are most common (8%)
    3. Boys affected 2-4 times more often than Girls
  4. Risk factors
    1. Prematurity
    2. Perinatal infections
    3. Prenatal exposure to drugs or Alcohol
    4. Postnatal lead exposure
  5. Symptoms
    1. Delay in acquiring academic skills
    2. Dropping grades
    3. Excess time to complete work or learn new material
      1. Homework takes too long to complete
      2. Excess parental involvement
    4. Inconsistent performance
      1. Does better one-to-one
      2. Does better on homework than tests
    5. Behavior problems
      1. Disruptive behavior
      2. Homework refusal
      3. Class clown
      4. Hates school
      5. Frequent school absences
      6. Hides school work, lies about assignments
  6. Signs
    1. Subtle language difficulties
      1. Poor processing
      2. Poor phonological awareness
    2. Secondary inattention (up to 40%)
      1. Retention of information is poor
    3. Low self-esteem
    4. Depression
    5. Aggressive behaviors
  7. Differential Diagnosis
    1. Genetic Disorders
      1. Deletion at 22q11.2
      2. Klinefelter Syndrome
      3. Down Syndrome
      4. Fragile X
      5. Prader-Willi
      6. Angelman's Syndrome
      7. Rett Syndrome
    2. Acquired Disorder
      1. History of prematurity
      2. Congenital Hydrocephalus
      3. Traumatic brain injury
      4. Prior cerebral infection (e.g. Encephalitis)
      5. Lead Poisoning or Mercury Poisoning
    3. Mental retardation
    4. Attentional Disorders (e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder)
    5. Language or developmental disorder
    6. Emotional disorder
      1. Anxiety
      2. Depression
      3. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
      4. Psychosis
    7. Visual Impairment or hearing Impairment
    8. Seizure Disorder
    9. Substance Abuse

Learning Disorders (C0023186)

Definition (MSH)Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia.
Definition (CSP)conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills; may result from organic or psychological conditions.
ConceptsMental or Behavioral Dysfunction (T048)
ICD9315.9
MSHD007859
EnglishAcademic skill disorder, academic skills disorder, LEARNING DIS, Learning Disorder, Learning Disorders
Spanishtrastorno del aprendizaje
Parent ConceptsMental disorders (C0004936), Communication impairment (C0009460), Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood (C0525040)
SourcesAOD, CSP, MEDLINEPLUS, MSH, MTHICD9, NDFRT, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)



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