II. Causes: Non-Cardiac Causes
- Lack of sleep
- Volume depletion
- Caffeine Intake
- Emotional stress
- Anemia
- Illicit Drug Use
- Viral illness
- Personality Disorder
III. Causes: Cardiac Dysrhthmia types
- Conduction defects
- Underlying Coronary Artery Disease (over age 40)
- Manifested with rising level of ischemia
- Enhanced automaticity
- Sympathetic load
- Increased Afterload stimulates stretch receptors
- Irritability of pacers due to ischemia
- Re-entry phenomena: Accessory bundles
- Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
- Long-Ganong-Levine Syndrome
- Re-vascularization
- Post thrombolsis
- Post arteriospasm
IV. Symptoms: Red Flags
- Decreased Cardiac Output
- Wall motion abnormality
- Awareness of heart beat
- Palpitations
V. Signs: Red Flags
- Resting Tachycardia
- Hypertension
- Chest deformity (e.g. Pectus Excavatum)
- Suspicious cardiac murmur
VI. Diagnostics: EKG - Normal Rhythm variants in athletes
- See Athletic Heart Syndrome
- Sinus Bradycardia (>30 bpm)
- First degree AV Block
- Mobitz I Second degree AV Block (Wenckebach)
- Junctional Rhythm
- Premature Beats: PACs and PVCs
- Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block
- Isolated QRS voltage criteria for LVH
- Abnormal if associated left atrial enlargement, Left Axis Deviation, ST depression, T inversion or Q Waves
VII. Diagnostics: EKG - Abnormal findings suggesting Cardiomyopathy
- T Wave Inversion >1 mm in >1 lead v2-6, II and avF or I and avL (except III, aVR, V1)
- ST segment Depression >0.5mm in >1 lead
- Pathologic Q Waves >3 mm or >40 ms in >1 lead (except III and aVR)
- Complete Left Bundle Branch Block
- Wide QRS >140 ms duration
- Left Axis Deviation
- Left atrial enlargement
- Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
VIII. Diagnostics: EKG - Abnormal findings suggesting life threatening Arrhythmia risk
- QT Prolongation
-
Brugada Syndrome
- Right bundle branch with ST Elevation in the anterior leads
-
WPW Syndrome (ventricular preexcitation)
- Short PR Interval and Delta wave at QRS suggests accessory pathway
- Third degres AV Block
- Presents as Syncope
- Suggests underlying Coronary Artery Disease
- Severe Sinus Bradycardia (<30 bpm)
- Ventricular Arrhythmias
- Atrial tachyarrhythmias (e.g. Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter)