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Pneumonia CausesAka: Pneumonia Causes in Children

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  1. See Also
    1. Pneumonia
    2. Viral Pneumonia
    3. Aspiration Pneumonia
    4. Nosocomial Pneumonia (Hospital Acquired Pneumonia)
    5. Pulmonary manifestations of HIV
  2. Causes: Viral Pneumonia
    1. Common viral causes
      1. Influenza A
      2. Influenza B
      3. Parainfluenza Virus
      4. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
      5. Adenovirus
    2. Other viral causes
      1. Rubeola
      2. Herpes Simplex Virus
      3. Varicella Zoster Virus
      4. Cytomegalovirus
  3. Causes: Bacterial Pneumonia
    1. Typical Bacterial Pneumonia causees
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      2. Haemophilus Influenzae
      3. Moraxella catarrhaalis
      4. Staphylococcus aureus
    2. Atypical bacterial Pneumonia causes
      1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
      2. Legionella
      3. Chlamydia
  4. Causes: Newborn (birth to 3 weeks)
    1. General
      1. Vertical transmission from mother at birth
    2. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      2. Rubella
      3. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
    3. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Group B Streptococcus (common)
      2. Listeria monocytogenes (common)
      3. Escherichia coli (common)
      4. Group D Streptococcus
      5. Haemophilus Influenzae
      6. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      7. Ureaplasma urealyticum
  5. Causes: Age 3 weeks to 3 months
    1. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (common)
      2. Parainfluenza Virus 1-3 (common)
      3. Influenza Virus (common)
      4. Adenovirus (common)
      5. Cytomegalovirus
    2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (most common bacteria)
      2. Chlamydia trachomatis (common)
      3. Bordetella pertussis
      4. Haemophilus Influenzae type B
      5. Moraxella catarrhalis
      6. Staphylococcus aureus
      7. Ureaplasma urealyticum
  6. Causes: Age 4 months to 5 years
    1. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (common)
      2. Parainfluenza Virus (common)
      3. Adenovirus (common)
        1. Most common cause of Conjunctivitis
      4. Influenza Virus Type B (common)
      5. Rhinovirus (common)
      6. Varicella Zoster Virus
    2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (common)
      2. Chlamydia pneumoniae (common)
      3. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (common)
      4. Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
      5. Moraxella catarrhalis
      6. Staphylococcus aureus
      7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      8. Neisseria Meningitis
  7. Causes: Ages 5 to 18 years
    1. Virus
      1. Adenovirus
      2. Epstein-Barr Virus
      3. Parainfluenza Virus
      4. Adenovirus
        1. Most common cause of Conjunctivitis
      5. Influenza Virus
      6. Rhinovirus
      7. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
      8. Varicella Zoster Virus
    2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (common)
      2. Atypical Pneumonia
        1. Mycoplasma pneumonia (common)
        2. Chlamydia pneumoniae (common)
  8. Causes: Age 18 to 65 years (no comorbidity)
    1. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Parainfluenza Virus
      2. Adenovirus (Most common cause of Conjunctivitis)
      3. Influenza Virus
    2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
        1. Middle aged patients
        2. Super-infection of post-viral Bronchitis
      2. Atypical Pneumonia
        1. Mycoplasma pneumonia (young patients)
        2. Chlamydia pneumoniae
  9. Causes: Age over 65 years (no comorbidity)
    1. Virus: See Viral Pneumonia
    2. Bacteria: Most common (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      2. Respiratory viruses
      3. Haemophilus Influenzae
      4. Gram Negative Bacilli
      5. Staphylococcus aureus
    3. Bacteria: Less common (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Moraxella catarrhalis
      2. Legionella pneumonia (Atypical Pneumonia)
  10. Causes: Patients with chemical addiction
    1. Tobacco abuse
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      2. Haemophilus Influenzae
      3. Moraxella catarrhalis
      4. Legionella pneumonia (Atypical Pneumonia)
    2. Alcohol Abuse (See also Aspiration Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      2. Anaerobic Bacteria
      3. Coliform bacteria (e.g. Klebsiella Pneumonia)
    3. Intravenous Drug Abuse
      1. Staphylococcus aureus
  11. Causes: Patients with chronic disease
    1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      2. Haemophilus Influenzae
      3. Moraxella catarrhalis
      4. Legionella pneumonia
    2. Cystic Fibrosis
      1. Early disease: Staphylococcus aureus
      2. Later disease: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  12. Causes: Animal Exposure
    1. Bird Exposure: Psittacosis
    2. Rabbit Exposure: Tularemia
    3. Livestock or cats: Coxiella burnetii
  13. Causes: Chronic or refractory Pneumonia
    1. Tuberculosis
    2. Coccidioidomycosis
    3. Histoplasmosis
  14. References
    1. Gilbert (2001) Sanford Antimicrobial, p. 28
    2. Bartlett (2000) Clin Infect Dis 31:347
    3. Niederman (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis 148:1418

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