Pneumonia Causes

1. See Also
   1. Pneumonia
   2. Viral Pneumonia
   3. Aspiration Pneumonia
   4. Nosocomial Pneumonia (Hospital Acquired Pneumonia)
   5. Pneumonia in the Nursing Home
   6. Pulmonary manifestations of HIV
2. Causes: Viral Pneumonia
   1. Common viral causes
      1. Influenza A
      2. Influenza B
      3. Parainfluenza Virus
      4. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
      5. Adenovirus
   2. Other viral causes
      1. Rubeola
      2. Herpes Simplex Virus
      3. Varicella Zoster Virus
      4. Cytomegalovirus
3. Causes: Bacterial Pneumonia
   1. Typical Bacterial Pneumonia causees
      1. Pneumococcal Pneumonia
      2. Haemophilus Influenzae Pneumonia
      3. Moraxella pneumonia
      4. Staphylococcal Pneumonia
   2. Atypical bacterial Pneumonia Causes
      1. Mycoplasma pneumonia
      2. Legionella pneumonia
      3. Chlamydia Pneumonia
      4. Q Fever
      5. Psittacosis
4. Causes: Fungal Pneumonia
   1. Blastomycosis
   2. Coccidioidomycosis
   3. Histoplasmosis
5. Causes: Newborn (birth to 3 weeks)
   1. General
      1. Vertical transmission from mother at birth
   2. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      2. Rubella
      3. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
   3. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Group B Streptococcus (common)
      2. Listeria monocytogenes (common)
      3. Escherichia coli (common)
      4. Group D Streptococcus
      5. HaemophilusInfluenzae
      6. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      7. Ureaplasma urealyticum
6. Causes: Age 3 weeks to 3 months
   1. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (common)
      2. Parainfluenza Virus 1-3 (common)
      3. InfluenzaVirus (common)
      4. Adenovirus (common)
      5. Cytomegalovirus
   2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (most common bacteria)
      2. Chlamydia trachomatis (common)
      3. Bordetella pertussis
      4. HaemophilusInfluenzae type B
      5. Moraxella catarrhalis
      6. Staphylococcus aureus
      7. Ureaplasma urealyticum
7. Causes: Age 4 months to 5 years
   1. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (common)
      2. Parainfluenza Virus (common)
      3. Adenovirus (common)
         1. Most common cause of Conjunctivitis
      4. InfluenzaVirus Type B (common)
      5. Rhinovirus (common)
      6. Varicella Zoster Virus
   2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (common)
      2. Chlamydia pneumoniae (common)
      3. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (common)
      4. HaemophilusInfluenzae Type B
      5. Moraxella catarrhalis
      6. Staphylococcus aureus
      7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      8. NeisseriaMeningitis
8. Causes: Ages 5 to 18 years
   1. Virus
      1. Adenovirus
      2. Epstein-Barr Virus
      3. Parainfluenza Virus
      4. Adenovirus
         1. Most common cause of Conjunctivitis
      5. InfluenzaVirus
      6. Rhinovirus
      7. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
      8. Varicella Zoster Virus
   2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (common)
      2. Atypical Pneumonia
         1. Mycoplasma pneumonia (common)
         2. Chlamydia pneumoniae (common)
9. Causes: Age 18 to 65 years (no comorbidity)
   1. Virus (See Viral Pneumonia)
      1. Parainfluenza Virus
      2. Adenovirus (Most common cause of Conjunctivitis)
      3. InfluenzaVirus
   2. Bacteria (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
         1. Middle aged patients
         2. Super-infection of post-viral Bronchitis
      2. Atypical Pneumonia
         1. Mycoplasma pneumonia (young patients)
         2. Chlamydia pneumoniae
10. Causes: Age over 65 years (no comorbidity)
    1. Virus: See Viral Pneumonia
    2. Bacteria: Most common (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
       1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
       2. Respiratory viruses
       3. HaemophilusInfluenzae
       4. Gram Negative Bacilli
       5. Staphylococcus aureus
    3. Bacteria: Less common (See Bacterial Pneumonia)
       1. Moraxella catarrhalis
       2. Legionella pneumonia (Atypical Pneumonia)
11. Causes: Patients with chemical addiction
    1. Tobacco abuse
       1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
       2. HaemophilusInfluenzae
       3. Moraxella catarrhalis
       4. Legionella pneumonia (Atypical Pneumonia)
    2. Alcohol Abuse (See also Aspiration Pneumonia)
       1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
       2. Anaerobic Bacteria
       3. Coliform bacteria (e.g. KlebsiellaPneumonia)
    3. Intravenous Drug Abuse
       1. Staphylococcus aureus
12. Causes: Patients with chronic disease
    1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
       1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
       2. HaemophilusInfluenzae
       3. Moraxella catarrhalis
       4. Legionella pneumonia
    2. Cystic Fibrosis
       1. Early disease: Staphylococcus aureus
       2. Later disease: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
13. Causes: Animal Exposure
    1. Bird Exposure: Psittacosis
    2. Rabbit Exposure: Tularemia
    3. Livestock or cats: Coxiella burnetii
14. Causes: Chronic or refractory Pneumonia
    1. Tuberculosis
    2. Coccidioidomycosis
    3. Histoplasmosis
15. References
    1. Gilbert (2001) Sanford Antimicrobial, p. 28
    2. Bartlett (2000) Clin Infect Dis 31:347-82
    3. Niederman (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis 148:1418-26