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Thromboembolism Risk FactorsAka: Pulmonary Embolism Risk Factors, Deep Vein Thrombosis Risk Factors, DVT Risk, PE Risk

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  1. See Also
    1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
    2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
    3. Thrombophilia
  2. General
    1. Patients without risk Factors under age 40 years: 28%
  3. Risk Factors: Venous Stasis
    1. Prolonged immobility
    2. Long leg Fracture or other limb immobilization
    3. Paralysis
      1. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
      2. Spinal cord injury
    4. Varicose veins
      1. High risk for DVT in surgery without DVT Prophylaxis
    5. Obesity
    6. Cardiac Disease
      1. Congestive Heart Failure
      2. Atrial Fibrillation
      3. Myocardial Infarction
  4. Risk Factors: Hypercoagulable
    1. Hypercoagulable state
      1. See Thrombophilia
      2. Inherited cause found in up to one third of DVT cases
        1. Mateo (1997) Thromb Haemost 77:444
    2. Prior Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
    3. Increased Estrogen
      1. Oral Contraceptive or Estrogen Replacement
      2. Pregnancy
      3. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
    4. Major trauma
    5. Recent Surgery
    6. Autoimmunity (e.g. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
    7. Cancer
      1. Colon Cancer
      2. Ovarian Cancer
      3. Multiple Myeloma
      4. Consider evaluation for occult cancer in DVT
    8. Chemotherapy
    9. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    10. Polycythemia
    11. Sickle Cell Anemia
    12. Nephrotic Syndrome
    13. History of thromboembolic disease
      1. Deep Venous Thrombosis
      2. Pulmonary Embolus
    14. Type A Blood
  5. Risk Factors: Intimal damage
    1. Local trauma
    2. Surgery (Especially General and Orthopedic Surgery)
      1. General anesthesia is an independent risk factor
      2. Consider DVT Prophylaxis
    3. Penetrating vessel injury
      1. Intravenous Drug Abuse
      2. Central line placement
        1. Especially femoral central line
  6. References
    1. Heit (2002) Arch Intern Med 162:1245

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