Dysuria in Men

1. See Also
   1. Dysuria
   2. Dysuria in Women
2. Causes
   1. Infection
      1. Urinary Tract Infection
         1. Pyelonephritis (Enterobacteriaceae)
         2. Acute Cystitis (Enterobacteriaceae)
      2. Urethritis (Gonorrhea and Chlamydia)
      3. Prostatitis (Enterobacteriaceae)
      4. Epididymitis and Orchitis (Enterobacteriaceae, Mumps)
      5. Meatitis and Urethritis (HSV II infection)
      6. Balanitis
   2. Obstructive Uropathy
      1. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
         1. May also predispose to Urinary Tract Infection
      2. Urethral stricture
         1. Urethral instrumentation
         2. Prior Gonorrhea infection
   3. Miscellaneous Causes
      1. Prostadynia
   4. Non-gender specific causes
      1. See Dysuria
3. Symptoms and Signs
   1. See related conditions
      1. Urinary Tract Infection
         1. Hematuria, frequency, nitrite positive
      2. Pyelonephritis
         1. Fever, flank pain, White Blood Cell casts
      3. Prostatitis
         1. Prostatic tenderness
      4. Epididymitis or orchitis (consider Testicular Torsion)
         1. Unilateral tenderness, swelling at epididymis
   2. Penile discharge suggests Urethritis (STD)
      1. Gonorrhea
         1. Oropharygeal exudates, anal sex
      2. Chlamydia
   3. Penile Lesion present
      1. Vesicles: Genital Herpes
      2. Ulcer: See Genital Ulcer
         1. Chancroid (painful ulcer, associated inguinal adenopathy)
         2. Genital Herpes (painful ulcer)
         3. Syphilis (painless ulcer)
      3. Glans irritation: Balanitis
   4. Scrotal Pain
      1. Epididymitis
      2. Orchitis
   5. Perineal or Rectal Pain or Prostate pain on palpation
      1. Prostatitis
      2. Prostadynia
4. Evaluation
   1. Labs in all patients
      1. Urinalysis with microscopy
      2. Urine Culture
   2. Sexually active patient
      1. If obtaining STD testing via PCR probe from urine
         1. Void into non-sterile cup (without cleaning tip of penis)
         2. Stop, clean tip of penis with wipe
         3. Void into sterile cup for Urinalysis and Urine Culture
      2. Routine PCR swab for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia (from "dirty" urine or Urethra)
      3. Urethral discharge
         1. Urethral smear for diplococci (Gonococcus)
         2. Urethral culture
      4. Offer other STD Testing (blood testing)
         1. Rapid plasmin reagin (RPR) or VDRL
         2. Human Immunodeficiency Test (HIV)
         3. Hepatitis B Testing (HBsAg)
   3. Symptoms of Prostatitis
      1. Consider Expressed Prostatic Secretion exam
      2. Do not perform Prostatic Massage in Acute Prostatitis
5. Management: General when STD unlikely
   1. Treat underlying condition
   2. See Prostatitis
   3. See Urinary Tract Infection
   4. See Epididymitis
6. Management: Empiric for sexually active patients with risk of STD
   1. Chlamydia coverage
      1. Azithromycin 1 gram orally for 1 dose or
      2. Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 7 days
   2. Gonorrhea coverage (consider waiting for results if low Prevalence in community)
      1. Ceftriaxone 125 mg IM or
      2. Cefixime (Suprax) 400 mg orally for 1 dose
   3. Recurrent symptoms with same partner (cover Trichomonas and Ureaplasma)
      1. Drug 1: Metronidazole 500 mg orally daily for 5 days AND
      2. Drug 2: Choose one of the following
         1. Azithromycin 500 mg orally once daily for 5 days or
         2. Doxycycline 100 mg once daily for 7 days
7. References
   1. Brill (2010) Am Fam Physician 81(7): 873-8
   2. Kurowski (1998) Am Fam Physician 57(9): 2155-64
   3. Roberts (1999) Am Fam Physician 60(3): 865-72