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EphedrineAka: Ephedra, Ma Huang

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  1. Precautions
    1. Serious adverse effects including death may occur
    2. FDA investigated 800 serious reactions in 1999 alone
      1. Serious reactions despite 75% were under age 50 years
      2. Life threatening reactions occurred at dose <5 mg/day
  2. Contraindications
    1. Absolute
      1. Hypertension
      2. Diabetes Mellitus
      3. Concurrent MAO inhibitor use
      4. Heart disease
      5. Hyperthyroidism
      6. Psychiatric condition
      7. Glaucoma
      8. Prostatic hypertrophy
      9. Seizure disorder
    2. Relative
      1. Risks outweigh any benefits of ephedrine
      2. Use at any dose in healthy patients may be unsafe
  3. Marketed Products containing Ephedrine
    1. Herbal Fen-Phen (Weight loss)
    2. Herbal Prozac (Depression)
    3. Herbal Ecstasy
  4. Indications (Purported Uses)
    1. Respiratory conditions including Asthma
      1. Long history of use in China
      2. Used in United States since 1930s (e.g. Primatene)
    2. Herbal Stimulant for increased athletic performance
    3. Increased sexual sensation or heightened awareness
    4. Weight loss
  5. Mechanism
    1. Sympathomimetic
  6. Adverse effects (Sympathomimetic effects)
    1. Insomnia
    2. Headache
    3. Nervousness
    4. Tremor or other motor disturbance
    5. Hypertension
    6. Glaucoma
    7. Hyperglycemia
    8. Nephrolithiasis
    9. Cardiac arrhythmia
    10. Myocardial Infarction
    11. Hypersensitivity Myocarditis
    12. Seizure
    13. Cerebrovascular Accident
    14. Predisposes to Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke
  7. Drug Interactions
    1. Caffeine
    2. Decongestants (e.g. Pseudoephedrine or Sudafed)
    3. Stimulants
    4. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, combined effects:
      1. Hypertension
      2. Coma
      3. Hyperpyrexia
  8. References
    1. Ang-Lee (2001) JAMA 286:208
    2. Cupp (1999) Am Fam Physician 59(5):1239
    3. Nadir (1996) Am J Gastroenterol 91(7):1436
    4. Zink (1998) Am Fam Physician 58(5):1133

Ephedrine (C0014479)

Definition (MSH)A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.
Definition (CSP)alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine; has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression.
ConceptsOrganic Chemical (T109) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121)
MSHD004809
EnglishEphedrine, Ephedrine Erythro Isomer, EPHEDRINE PREPARATION, Erythro Isomer of Ephedrine
Spanishefedrina
Parent ConceptsPropanolamines (C0033442), Adrenergic Agents (C0001637), Bronchodilator Agents (C0006280), Phenethylamines (C0031399), Miscellaneous Chemoprotective Agent (C1513327), [AU100] SYMPATHOMIMETICS (ADRENERGICS) (C0973492), [RE103] BRONCHODILATORS, SYMPATHOMIMETIC,ORAL (C0973618), Sympathomimetics (C0039052), Respiratory sympathomimetic agent (C1272573), Bronchodilators, Sympathomimetic (C1579392), Alpha-beta Adrenergic Agonists (C1579427)
SourcesAOD, CSP, LCH, LNC, MSH, NCI, NDFRT, RXNORM, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT, USPMG, VANDF
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Ephedra (C0950030)

Definition (MSH)A plant genus of the family Ephedraceae, order Ephedrales, class Gnetopsida, division Gnetophyta.
ConceptsPlant (T002)
MSHD029789
EnglishEphedra, joint firs, ma huang, Mormon-tea
Parent ConceptsGnetophyta (C0524898), Ephedraceae (C1080846)
SourcesMSH, MTH, NCBI
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)



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