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Chemical ToxinAka: Chemical Weapon

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  1. See Also
    1. Biological Neurotoxin
    2. Biological Weapon
  2. History of Use
    1. Sparta in Peloponnesian War 423 BC
      1. Smoke from coals and sulfur pitch directed into fort
    2. Greeks: 7th Century AD directed Greek Fire
      1. Rosin, Sulfur, Pitch, Naphtha, Lime, Saltpeter
    3. Venice: 15-16th Centuries
      1. Loaded hollow mortar shells with poisons
    4. World War I: German use in Belgium
      1. Chlorine gas (1915)
      2. Sulfur Mustard (1917)
    5. Pre-World War II
      1. Great Britain
        1. Chemicals against Russians
        2. Mustards against Afghans at Khyber Pass, Spain
      2. Spain
        1. Mustard against Riff tribes in Morocco
      3. Soviet Union
        1. Lung Irritants against Kurdistan tribesman
      4. Italy
        1. Tear gas, mustard against Abyssinia
    6. World War II
      1. Nazi Germany synthesized Organophosphate Nerve agents
        1. Tabun (GA)
        2. Sarin (GB)
    7. Post-World War II
      1. 1963-1967 Egypt in Yemen War used mustard bombs
    8. Vietnam
      1. U.S. used defoliants and riot-control agents
    9. Afghanistan in 1970's and 1980's
      1. Soviet Union used Chemical Agents
    10. Iran-Iraq War and Operation Desert Shield and Storm
      1. Iraq used Sulfur Mustard, Tabun, Sarin, Cyanide
    11. Stockpiles of Chemical Agents
      1. Russia and former Soviet Union
      2. France
      3. Libya
      4. United States (Sarin, Mustard)
    12. Chemical Precursors used in Manufacturing
      1. Phosgene
    13. Terrorism
      1. Sarin use in Matsumoto, Tokyo 1994-5
  3. Chemical Agents
    1. Pulmonary Intoxicants (Phosgene, Chlorine)
      1. Inflammation at alveoli causing pulmonary edema
    2. Cyanide ("Blood Agents")
      1. Systemic, rapid diffuse tissue effects
    3. Vesicants or Blister Agents (Sulfur Mustard, Lewisite)
      1. Local inflammation: Blisters, eye and airway effects
    4. Nerve Agents (Tabun, Sarin, Soman, VX)
      1. Inhibits enzyme acetylcholinesterase
    5. Incapacitating Agents (BZ)
      1. Impairs performance usually via CNS effects
    6. Riot Control Agents (Mace, Pepper Spray)
      1. Local irritants causing Lacrimation, cough
    7. Miscellaneous Agents (Ammonia)
  4. Resources
    1. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
      1. http://WWW.CW-MED.ORG
  5. References
    1. Medical Response to Chemical Warfare and Terrorism
      1. US Army Medical Research Institute Chemical Defense
      2. Video-Teleconference: 4/20/00 to 4/22/99
      3. Video-Teleconference: 12/5/00 to 12/7/00
      4. Text: 3rd Edition, December 1998

Chemical Weapons (C1456640)

ConceptsManufactured Object (T073) , Hazardous or Poisonous Substance (T131)
EnglishChemical Weapons
SourcesMEDLINEPLUS
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)



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