Rheumatology Book

Intra-Articular Disorders

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Septic Arthritis CausesAka: Septic Joint Causes

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  1. Septic Arthritis Causes based on age
    1. Newborn (contiguous spread from Osteomyelitis)
      1. Staphylococcus aureus
      2. Enterobacteriaceae
      3. Group B Streptococcus
      4. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    2. Children (under age 15 years)
      1. Staphylococcus aureus
      2. Streptococcus Pyogenes
      3. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      4. Haemophilus Influenzae
      5. Gram Negative Bacilli
    3. Young sexually active adults
      1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (most common)
        1. More common in women by a factor 3-4
      2. Staphylococcus aureus
      3. Streptococcus
    4. Older adults
      1. Staphylococcus aureus (50%)
      2. Streptococcus species
      3. Gram Negative Bacilli
  2. Iatrogenic or trauma related Septic Arthritis
    1. Joint aspiration or injection
      1. Staphylococcus aureus
    2. Joint trauma
      1. Gram Negative Bacilli
      2. Anaerobic Bacteria
      3. Staphylococcus aureus
    3. Joint prosthesis
      1. Early infection
        1. Staphylococcus epidermidis
      2. Late Infection
        1. Gram Positive Cocci
        2. Anaerobic Bacteria
    4. Umbilical catheter (UAC or UVC) use in the newborn
      1. Risk of septic hip
  3. Septic Arthritis related to Comorbid Medical Conditions
    1. Intravenous Drug Abuse
      1. Atypical Gram Negative Bacilli (e.g. Pseudomonas)
    2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
      1. Staphylococcus aureus
      2. Streptococcus
      3. Gram Negative Bacilli
    3. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or Sickle Cell Anemia
      1. Salmonella
    4. Hemophilia
      1. Staphylococcus aureus
      2. Streptococcus
      3. Gram Negative Bacilli
    5. Immunodeficiency
      1. Staphylococcus aureus
      2. Mycobacterium species
      3. Fungus
      4. Gram-negative bacteria
  4. Chronic Monoarticular Arthritis
    1. Brucella
    2. Nocardia
    3. Mycobacterium
    4. Fungus
  5. Acute Polyarticular Septic Arthritis
    1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (most common)
    2. See Also Polyarticular Joint Pain Causes
  6. Septic Arthritis related to Occupation or hobby
    1. Gardening or agricultural: Sporothrix schenckii
    2. Marine related: Mycobacterium marinum
  7. References
    1. Gilbert (2000) Sanford Guide to Antimicrobials, p. 22-3
    2. Stimmler (1996) Postgrad Med 99(4):127

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