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Soy ProteinAka: Phytoestrogen, Glycine Max, Soy Isoflavone

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  1. Precaution
    1. Soy lacks the amino acids cysteine and methionine
    2. Combine with rice, corn or wheat
      1. To supply all essential amino acids
  2. Mechanism
    1. Weak Estrogen and anti-Estrogen effects
      1. Weaker than estradiol by factor of 1/1000
    2. Phytoestrogen Sources
      1. Lignan in seeds and grains
      2. Isoflavone (genistein, daidzein) in legumes
        1. Soybeans
        2. Red Clover
    3. Inhibit tumor growth in culture
  3. Dietary sources
    1. Soy-rich foods (richest sources)
      1. Soy milk (1 cup): 3-10 grams soy protein (90-140 cal)
      2. Tofu (3 oz): 10 grams soy protein (90 cals)
      3. Soy flour (1/2 cup): 20 grams soy protein (220 cals)
      4. Soy Protein (2 tbs): 25 grams soy protein (110 cals)
    2. Licorice
    3. Red clover
    4. Thyme
    5. Tumeric
    6. Hops
    7. Verbena
    8. Alfalfa
    9. Beans
  4. Potential Benefits
    1. Associated with significant reduced Breast Cancer risk
      1. Initial Retrospective Studies (needs confirmation)
    2. Decreased Lipid
      1. Decreases LDL (10%)
      2. Decreases Total Cholesterol (13%)
    3. May increase Bone Mineral Density
  5. Variable Benefits
    1. Hot Flushes
      1. Some studies show benefit in Hot Flushes
        1. Faure (2002) {a 8219} 9:329
        2. Han (2002) Obstet Gynecol 99:389
      2. Other studies suggest no benefit in Hot Flushes
        1. Nikander (2003) Obstet Gynecol 101:1213
      3. Requires large, often intolerable doses (60 g/day)
        1. Albertazzi (1998) Obstet Gynecol 91:6
  6. Adverse Effects
    1. Thyroid suppression may occur
    2. Recent flawed study showed adverse neurologic effects
      1. Further well performed studies required
    3. Unknown longterm effects on Estrogen receptors
      1. Caution in Estrogen receptor positive Breast Cancer
      2. Does not appear to increase endometrial thickness
        1. Penotti (2003) Fertil Steril 79:1112
  7. Dosing: Sources of dietary soy protein and isoflavone
    1. Recommended doses for Hot Flashes in Menopause
      1. Soy Protein 25-60 g/day
      2. Isoflavone 60 mg/day
    2. Equivalent sources to meet 25-60 gram daily intake
      1. Soy Milk (4 glasses)
      2. Tofu 2 portions or one third brick
      3. Edamame 1/2 cup
      4. Soy protein powder in shake (1 serving)
  8. References
    1. Albertazzi (1998) Obstet Gynecol 91:6
    2. Ingram (1997) Lancet 350:990
    3. Morelli (2002) Am Fam Physician 66(1):129
    4. Potter (1998) Am J Clin Nutr 68(suppl):1375

Phytoestrogens (C0071011)

Definition (CSP)plant chemicals that may act as fungicides, deter herbivores, regulate plant hormones, and protect plants from ultraviolet radiation; structurally resemble endogenous animal estrogens; may function as estrogen agonists or antagonists when consumed by humans.
Definition (MSH)PLANT EXTRACTS and compounds, primarily ISOFLAVONES, that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.
Definition (NCI)Compounds from plant sources with estrogen-like activities
ConceptsSteroid (T110) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Hormone (T125)
MSHD048789
EnglishPhyto Estrogen, Phyto-Estrogen, phytoestrogen, Phytoestrogens
Parent ConceptsEstrogens, Synthetic (C0014941), Plant Extracts (C0032081), Plant Growth Regulators (C0032082), Estrogens, Non-Steroidal (C0014940), Environmental Estrogen (C1516887)
SourcesCSP, MSH, NCI
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Glycine max (C1262902)

Definition (CSP)food plant which contains little starch and is rich in protein; used to prepare protein supplements; also furnishes commercially important enzymes and other products.
ConceptsPlant (T002)
MSHD013025
EnglishChinese bean, Glycine max, Soja hispida, Soybean, soybeans
Spanishsoja
Parent ConceptsFabaceae (C0023263), Glycine (Plant) (C0522461)
SourcesCSP, MSH, MTH, NCBI, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)



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