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Alanine AminotransferaseAka: Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase, Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase, Serum ALT, ALT, SGPT, Aminotransferase

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  1. See Also
    1. Aspartate Aminotransferase
    2. Liver Function Test Abnormality
    3. Liver Function Test
  2. Definition
    1. Serum transaminase most specific for hepatocyte injury
  3. Normal
    1. Level <35 U/L
  4. Increased
    1. See Liver Function Test Abnormality
    2. Common causes based on degree of elevation
      1. Alcohol
        1. ALT rarely above 400
        2. AST more than twice ALT
      2. Transient biliary obstruction: Common Bile Duct Stone
        1. ALT may rise to 1000
        2. ALT rises rapidly and then quickly normalizes
      3. Autoimmune Hepatitis: ALT rises gradually to 1000
      4. Viral Hepatitis
        1. Most viruses: ALT rises gradually to 2000
        2. Atypicals (e.g. herpes): Rapid increase to 2000
      5. Medications:
        1. Most medications: ALT rises gradually to 1500
        2. Acetaminophin and toxins: Rises rapidly to >2000
    3. Common liver disease causes
      1. Alcohol Abuse
      2. Cirrhosis
      3. Chronic Hepatitis B
      4. Chronic Hepatitis C
      5. Acute Viral Hepatitis
        1. Hepatitis A
        2. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
      6. Hepatotoxins
      7. Steatohepatitis (Fatty Liver)
    4. Uncommon liver disease causes
      1. Autoimmune Hepatitis
      2. Hemochromatosis
      3. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
      4. Wilson's Disease
    5. Non-liver disease causes
      1. See Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
    6. Conditions with ratio of ALT to AST > 2
      1. Alcoholism
      2. Wilson's Disease (ratio may exceed 4)

Alanine Transaminase (C0001899)

Definition (MSH)An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
Definition (NCI)Expressed in liver, kidney, heart, fat, and skeletal muscle by glucocorticoid-induced human GPT Gene (Alanine Aminotransferase Family), 495-aa 54-kDa Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase is a homodimeric cytoplasmic pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and liver gluconeogenesis. GPT mediates conversion of major intermediate metabolites, catalyzing reversible transamination between alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. (NCI)
ConceptsAmino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126)
EnglishAAT1, Alanine 2 Oxoglutarate Aminotransferase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Alanine Transaminase, ALT, ALT1, Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamic alanine transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT, GPT1
Spanishalanina aminotransferasa
CreditsDerived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Transaminases (C0002594)

Definition (MSH)A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.
Definition (NCI)Transaminases are a sub-subclass of mostly pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Mediating conversion of major intermediate metabolites and reversible transamination, Transaminases are often involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis and in the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles.
ConceptsAmino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126)
Englishaminotransferase, Aminotransferases, EC 2.6.1, Transaminase, Transaminases
Spanishaminotransferasa, transaminasa
CreditsDerived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (C0376147)

Definition (NCI)Activity measured as a test of liver function, human Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminases (Alanine Aminotransferase Family) are pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and liver gluconeogenesis. Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminases mediate conversion of major intermediate metabolites, catalyzing reversible transamination between alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. (NCI)
ConceptsAmino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126)
EnglishALT, SGPT
CreditsDerived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)



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