II. Epidemiology
- Less common than In-Toeing
III. Evaluation
- See Hip Rotation Evaluation in Children
- See Foot Progression Angle
- See Thigh-Foot Angle
- Angles change overtime with bone growth up until age 10 to 15 years
- Angles are abnormal if >2 SD from normal range for age
IV. Causes
- Femoral Retroversion (resolves by age 1-2 years)
- Pes Planus (Flexible Flatfoot, resolves by age 10 years)
- External Tibial Torsion (onset age 4-7 years)