II. Epidemiology
- Presents at age 4 to 7 years old
III. Pathophysiology
- Tibia externally rotates with growth, up to age 4 to 7 years old
IV. Signs
- Thigh foot angle >30 degrees
-
Out-toeing
- Foot Progression Angle positive (externally rotated foot)
V. Management
- Surgery is typically avoided until after age 10 years old
- Surgery may be considered for Thigh foot angle >20-30 degrees
- High complication rate with surgery
VI. Complications
- Patellofemoral Syndrome
- Knee instability