AntiHyperlipidemic

Aka: AntiHyperlipidemic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hypercholesterolemia Management, Hyperlipidemia Management, Lipid Reduction

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II. Indications

  1. Hyperlipidemia
  2. Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
  3. CAD Risk Management

III. Management: General Measures

  1. See Low Fat Diet
  2. Aerobic Exercise for at least 120 minutes per week (900 kcal expended per week)
    1. Raises HDL Cholesterol linearly with cumulative amount of aerobic Exercise
    2. Lowers Total Cholesterol 3.9%, LDL Cholesterol 3.9% and Serum Triglycerides 7.1%
    3. Halbert (1999) Eur J Clin Nutr 53(7):514-22 [PubMed]
  3. Weight loss in Obesity (11 kg or 24 lb)
    1. Lowers LDL 10%, Triglycerides 24%, raises HDL 8%
    2. Katzel (1995) Metabolism 44:307-14 [PubMed]

IV. Management: AntiHyperlipidemic Approach (ACC/AHA 2013, 2016, 2023)

  1. Approach
    1. Maintain general measures as above
    2. Determine AntiHyperlipidemic indications (see Cardiac Risk as below)
    3. Non-Statins are primarily second-line agents if Statins are not tolerated (or not at goal despite Statin)
    4. Statins are the preferred AntiHyperlipidemic (at high intensity and moderate intensity protocols as below)
      1. Follow High Intensity and Moderate Intensity Statin Protocols (see below)
      2. Statin lowering of LDL Cholesterol as primary prevention
        1. Over 3 to 6 years, Statin LDL lowering results in only small reductions in mortality, CVA and MI
        2. Byrne (2022) JAMA Intern Med 182(5): 474-81 [PubMed]
    5. LDL Cholesterol may be decreased to very low levels (<40 mg/dl) without safety concerns
      1. In fact, very high risk patients (multiple CV events) target LDL Cholesterol decrease >50% to <55 mg/dl
    6. Other lipid abnormalities
      1. Hypertriglyceridemia
        1. See Hypertriglyceridemia
      2. Low HDL Cholesterol
        1. Medication is not recommended if only HDL Cholesterol low
          1. Raise HDL Cholesterol with non-medication measures (e.g. aerobic Exercise)
          2. Focus medication use on lowering LDL Cholesterol
          3. Birjmohun (2005) J Am Coll Cardiol 45:185-97 [PubMed]
        2. Hyperlipidemia in age over 65 years
          1. Low HDL increases MI risk in age over 65 years
          2. Other Hyperlipidemia does not predict MI risk age >65
          3. Psaty (2004) J Am Geriatr Soc 52:1639-47 [PubMed]
  2. Monitoring
    1. Recheck LDL Cholesterol 4 to 12 weeks after starting Statin, and then recheck yearly
    2. Readdress Statin compliance periodically
  3. References
    1. (2014) Presc Lett 21(1): 1-2
    2. Stone (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol 63(25 pt B): 2889-2934 +PMID:24239923 [PubMed]

V. Evaluation: Cardiac Risk for Statin Indications and Dosing

  1. Framingham calculator is replaced with more predictive calculators
    1. Pooled Cohort Equation (ACC/AHA Guideline)
      1. New 10 year Cardiovascular Risk calculator to help risk stratify (including Statin dosing)
      2. http://www.cvriskcalculator.com/
    2. QRisk2 (NICE 2014 Guideline)
      1. Includes Renal Function in risk calculation
      2. https://www.qrisk.org/2016/
  2. Young adults (age <40 years old) may benefit from Cholesterol lowering
    1. LDL Cholesterol >190 mg/dl (esp. if premature coronary disease Family History)
    2. Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors
    3. Diabetes Mellitus for more than 20 years (type 1 DM) or 10 years (type 2 DM)
    4. Navar-Bogan (2015) Circulation 131:451-8 [PubMed]
  3. Older adults (age >75 years)
    1. Indications to continue treatment with Statin agent in age over 75 years
      1. Coronary Artery Disease
      2. High Coronary Calcium Score
      3. Ankle brachial index <0.9
      4. hs-CRP >2 mg/L
    2. Precautions
      1. Balance Cardiovascular Risk with quality of life (e.g. Statin induced myalgias) and Drug Interactions
      2. Old age should not be a sole reason to not prescribe a Statin
        1. Statins are associated with a 30% reduction in cardiovascular events
        2. A patient considered a revascularization candidate, is also a candidate for Statin use
      3. Consider continuing agent even without other indications (NNT 83 to avoid 1 MI in 3-4 years)
        1. Savarese (2013) J Am Coll Cardiol 62(22):2090-9 [PubMed]
  4. References
    1. (2004) Prescriber's Letter 11(8):43
    2. Kopecky (2012) Mayo POIM, Rochester

VI. Management: AntiHyperlipidemic Selection

  1. Statins
    1. Statins are the preferred AntiHyperlipidemic (at high intensity and moderate intensity protocols as below)
    2. Combinations are not recommended in most cases
  2. Non-Statins
    1. Indications
      1. Second-line agents if Statins are not tolerated (or not at goal despite Statin)
    2. Precautions
      1. Most agents aside from Statins do not lower Cardiovascular Risk significantly
      2. Only indicated in highest risk patients (e.g. with CAD) if LDL not at goal (<70 mg/dl)
    3. Alternative agents when Statins are not tolerated (or adjunctive when not at goal despite Statin)
      1. Ezetimibe (Zetia)
        1. Underwhelming benefit, but now generic at $10/month
        2. NNT 50 for one less cardiovascular event in 7 years
        3. Lowers LDL an additional 20% when added to a Statin
      2. PCSK9 Inhibitor
        1. Biologic at very high cost ($550/month in 2023)
        2. Medications in class include Alirocumab (Praluent) and Evolocumab (Repatha)
      3. Bempedoic Acid or Nexletol (ATP-Citrate Lyase Inhibitor)
        1. Lowers LDL Cholesterol as a Statin adjunct or alternative (but does not effect Triglycerides, HDL)
        2. Unknown effect on longterm cardiovascular outcomes
        3. Costs $330/month
        4. Feng (2020) Prog Lipid Res +PMID:31499095 [PubMed]
    4. Other measures (generally not recommended)
      1. Bile Acid Sequestrant
      2. Fibrates may be considered for very high Triglycerides (>500-1000 mg/dl)
        1. When a Fibrate is used with a Statin. Fenofibrate appears safer
        2. Avoid combinging Statin and Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
          1. Risk of severe Myopathy and Rhabdomyolysis
    5. References
      1. Ip (2015) Int J Cardiol 191:138-48 [PubMed]

VII. Management: High Intensity and Moderate Intensity Protocols

  1. Patients are risk stratified to high or low risk Statin dose without the chasing of specific LDL Cholesterol goals
  2. High Intensity Protocol
    1. Goal LDL Cholesterol decrease of >50% AND
      1. LDL Cholesterol <70 mg/dl OR
      2. LDL Cholesterol <55 mg/dl (if very high risk)
        1. Multiple cardiovascular events OR
        2. One cardiovascular event and multiple major risk factors (e.g. Diabetes Mellitus, Tobacco Abuse)
    2. Indications
      1. LDL Cholesterol > 190 mg/dl OR
      2. Known cardiovascular disease or other serious risk factors (10 year Cardiovascular Risk >20%) OR
      3. Diabetes Mellitus and age 40-75 years old and 10 year Cardiovascular Risk >7.5%
    3. Preparations
      1. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) 40 to 80 mg daily
      2. Rosuvastatin (Crestor) 20 to 40 mg daily
    4. Efficacy
      1. Treating to target LDL 50 to 70 mg/dl is non-inferior to high intensity protocol
        1. Hong (2023) JAMA 329(13): 1078-87 [PubMed]
  3. Moderate Intensity Protocol (with goal LDL Cholesterol decrease of >50%)
    1. Indications
      1. 10 year Cardiovascular Risk >7.5%
        1. USPTF recommends at least 1 CAD risk and >10% ten year risk (optional if >7.5%)
        2. Mangione (2022) JAMA 328(8): 746-53 [PubMed]
      2. Diabetes Mellitus AND age 40-75 years old AND 10 year Cardiovascular Risk <7.5%
        1. Use high intensity if Diabetes Mellitus and 10 year Cardiovascular Risk >7.5%
        2. Consider in other Diabetes Mellitus patients outside this age range
      3. Age over 75 years old
        1. May continue on high intensity protocol if tolerating without adverse effects
    2. Preparations (with goal LDL Cholesterol decrease of >50%)
      1. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) 10 to 20 mg daily
      2. Rosuvastatin (Crestor) 5 to 10 mg daily
      3. Simvastatin (Zocor) 20 to 40 mg daily
      4. Pravastatin (Pravachol) 40 to 80 mg daily
      5. Lovastatin (Mevacor) 40 mg daily
      6. Fluvastatin (Lescol) 80 mg daily
      7. Pitavastatin (Livalo) 2 to 4 mg daily
  4. References
    1. (2014) Presc Lett 21(1): 1-2
    2. Stone (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol 63(25 pt B): 2889-2934 +PMID:24239923 [PubMed]

VIII. Management: Adjuvant Therapy

  1. Garlic
    1. Stevinson (2000) Ann Intern Med 133:420-9 [PubMed]
  2. Plant Sterols and stanols (e.g. Benecol, Promise Activ)
    1. Dose 2 grams daily lowers LDL by 10%
  3. Fish oils (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)
    1. Lowers Triglycerides (4%: 1 g/day, 10-40%: 2-4g/day)
    2. Unfortunately raises LDL Cholesterol 5-10%
    3. Marginal effect on HDL Cholesterol
    4. Not proven to reduce cardiovascular events
  4. Soluble Dietary Fiber
    1. Lowers LDL Cholesterol 7% for 10 grams of fiber
    2. Sources
      1. Psyllium, Barley, Beans
      2. Oat bran (e.g. cheerios, oatmeal)
    3. Brown (1999) Am J Clin Nutr 69:30-42 [PubMed]
  5. Dietary Soy Proteins 25 grams per day (4% lowering)
    1. Anderson (1995) N Engl J Med 333:276-82 [PubMed]
  6. Unsaturated fat nuts (pistachios, almonds)
  7. Glucophage (Metformin)
  8. Rosiglitazone or Pioglitazone
  9. Orlistat (Xenical)
  10. Policosanol (sugar cane derivative)
  11. Red-yeast rice
    1. Contains natural HMG-CoA reductase agent (similar to Lovastatin)
      1. Produced when rice ferments with yeast
    2. Currently unregulated and dose not standardized
    3. Not recommended until standardized dosing available
    4. May be an alternative for patients not tolerant to Statin medications
      1. Example Monocolin K 5-10 mg daily
  12. Lactobacillus reuteri (Cardioviva)
    1. Probiotic may decrease fat and Cholesterol gastrointestinal absorption
    2. May lower LDL 10% (similar effect to fiber, Benecol)
    3. Jones (2012) Eur J Clin Nutr 66: 1234-41 [PubMed]

IX. Management: Severe Familial Hypercholesterolemia

  1. Indications
    1. Severe, high LDL Cholesterol, refractory to high dose Statin
  2. PCSK9 Inhibitors (monoclonal antibodies)
    1. See PCSK9 Inhibitors
    2. Praluent (Alirocumab)
    3. Repatha (Evolocumab)
  3. Small Interfering RNA
    1. Inclisiran (Leqvio)

X. Management: Measures that are not effective (not recommended)

  1. Niacin
    1. Niacin has not shown added benefit beyond Statin alone
  2. Estrogen Replacement Therapy
    1. No longer recommended for CAD prevention
    2. Recent studies suggest increased Cardiovascular Risk
      1. See Hormone Replacement for details
    3. Lipid effects
      1. LDL lowered (15%)
      2. HDL raised (15%)
      3. Triglycerides
        1. Raised: Oral Estrogen Replacement (considerably)
        2. No effect: Transdermal Estrogen
  3. Antioxidants do not affect lipid levels
    1. No benefit with Vitamin E, C, Beta Carotene, Selenium
    2. Brown (2001) N Engl J Med 345:1583-92 [PubMed]
  4. Medications to raise HDL Cholesterol
    1. Adding agents to Statins to raise HDL Cholesterol does not lower Cardiovascular Risk
    2. Keene (2014) BMJ 349:g4379 [PubMed]

XI. References

  1. (2023) Presc Lett 30(6): 31-2
  2. Last (2017) Am Fam Physician 95(2): 78-87 [PubMed]
  3. McKenney (2002) Am J Cardiol 90(suppl):8K-20K [PubMed]
  4. Stein (2002) Am J Cardiol 89(suppl):50C-57C [PubMed]

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