Cardiovascular Medicine Book

http://www.fpnotebook.com/

S4 Heart SoundAka: S4 Gallop, S4 Gallup Rhythm, Fourth Heart Sound

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  1. Signs
    1. S4, S1, S2 Sound like "Ten-ne-see" (dub-lub-dub)
  2. Causes
    1. Normal in athletes and the elderly
    2. Stiff Left Ventricle
      1. Hypertension
      2. Coronary Artery Disease
      3. Aortic Stenosis
      4. Cardiomyopathy

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