Urology Book

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Cystine Calculi

Aka: Cystine Calculi, Cystine Stone, Cystine Nephrolithiasis, Cystinuria
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  1. See Also
    1. Nephrolithiasis
  2. Pathophysiology
    1. Disorder of dibasic amino acid transport
    2. Results in decreased renal cystine resorption
    3. Cystine dissolves poorly at normal Urine pH
      1. Calculi form at cystine concentration >250 mg/day
    4. Autosomal recessive inheritance
      1. Only homozygote patients form Cystine Stones
  3. Types
    1. Pure Cystine Stones
    2. Mixed cystine and calcium oxalate
  4. Management
    1. General
      1. Diuresis: reduce cystine <300 mg/L
      2. Alkalinize urine (especially if Urine pH is low, acidic)
        1. Maintain Urine pH >5.5 (6.5 - 7.0 preferred)
        2. Potassium Citrate 10-20 mEq orally three times daily with meals
        3. Calcium Citrate 500 mg, two tablets daily with meals
    2. Protocol
      1. Tiopronin (Thiola) and
      2. Increase fluid intake to maximize urine output
    3. Other management
      1. Penecillamine
      2. Chemolysis (Tham-E, Acetylcysteine)
      3. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)
  5. References
    1. Mobley (Feb 1999) Hospital Medicine, p. 21-38
    2. Goldfarb (1999) Am Fam Physician 60(8): 2269-76
    3. Houshiar (1996) Postgrad Med 100(4): 131-8
    4. Frassetto (2011) Am Fam Physician 84(11): 1234-42
    5. Pietrow (2006) Am fam Physician 74(1): 86-94
    6. Preminger (2007) J Urol 178(6): 2418-34
    7. Portis (2001) Am Fam Physician 63(7):1329-38
    8. Segura (1997) J Urol 158:1915-21
    9. Teichman (2004) N Engl J Med 350:684-93
    10. Trivedi (1996) Postgrad Med, 100(6): 63-78

Cystinuria (C0010691)

Definition (NCI) An autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes. It is characterized by deficient re-absorption of cystine in the proximal tubules of the kidney. It results in the formation of stones in the kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder.
Definition (CSP) inherited abnormality of renal tubular transport of dibasic amino acids leading to massive urinary excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine.
Definition (MSH) An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D003555
ICD10 E72.01
SnomedCT 85020001, 154738008, 267498002
English Cystinuria, Cystinurias, Cystinuria, NOS, CYSTINURIA, TYPE NON-I, FORMERLY, CYSTINURIA, CYSTINURIA, TYPE I, FORMERLY, CYSTINURIA, TYPE II, FORMERLY, CSNU, CYSTINURIA, TYPE III, FORMERLY, CSNU3, FORMERLY, CSNU1, FORMERLY, cystinuria, cystinuria (diagnosis), Cystinuria [Disease/Finding], CSNU - Cystinuria, Cystinuria (disorder)
Japanese シスチン尿, ｼｽﾁﾝﾆｮｳ
Swedish Cystinuri
Czech cystinurie, Cystinurie
Spanish Cystinuria, cistinuria (trastorno), cistinuria, Cistinuria
Finnish Kystinuria
Russian TSISTINURIIA, ЦИСТИНУРИЯ
Croatian CISTINURIJA
Polish Cystynuria
Hungarian Cystinuria
Dutch cystinurie, Cystinurie
German Cystinurie, Zystinurie
French Cystinurie, Cystinurie-lysinurie
Italian Cistinuria
Portuguese Cistinúria
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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