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Antinuclear AntibodyAka: Antinuclear Antigen, ANA
- Negative
- Normal titer less than 1:20 dilution
- See interpretation below regarding titers
- Positive
- Normal patient without underlying abnormality: 3-30%
- More common in older women
- Rheumatologic Conditions
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Mixed connective tissue disease
- Sjogren's Syndrome
- Necrotizing Vasculitis
- Infection
- Tuberculosis
- Chronic active hepatitis
- Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
- HIV Infection
- Miscellaneous Conditions
- Type I Diabetes Mellitus
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Silicone gel implants
- Pregnant women
- Elderly patients
- Medications (Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus)
- Phenytoin
- Ethosuximide
- Primidone
- Methyldopa
- Hydralazine
- Penicillamine
- Carbamazepine
- Procainamide
- Thiazides
- Griseofulvin
- Chlorpromazine
- Isoniazid
- Quinidine
- Gold Salts
- Minocycline
- Normal patient without underlying abnormality: 3-30%
- Mechanism
- IgG or IgM Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
- Binds to nuclei or nuclear components
- Screening
- Slide test
- Uses fixed and permeabilized human HEp-2 cells
- Measures direct binding
- Patient's serum antibodies to cell nuclei
- Specific components of cell nucleus are also bound
- See ANA subunits below
- Interpretation: Titer (Dilution)
- Pretest probability affects interpretation
- Primary Care Setting: 2% SLE probability
- Rheumatology Setting: 30% SLE probability
- Low Positive (1:160 or lower): Low significance
- SLE Likelihood: <2% (<26% for rheumatologists)
- High Positive (1:320 or higher): Higher significance
- SLE Likelihood: 2-17% (32-81% for rheumatologists)
- References
- Pretest probability affects interpretation
- Interpretation: ANA Staining Patterns
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus specific patterns
- CREST Syndrome and Scleroderma Specific Patterns
- Non-Specific Patterns
- Interpretation: ANA Subunits
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Anti-dsDNA (Lupus sensitivity: 60%)
- Anti-Smith or Anti-Sm (Lupus sensitivity: 20-30%)
- Highly specific for lupus erythematosus
- Anti-ribosomal P (Lupus sensitivity: 20-30%)
- Anti-RNP (Lupus sensitivity: 30-40%)
- Associated with lupus disease activity
- Seen in all cases mixed connective tissue disease
- CREST and Scleroderma
- Anti-centromere
- Sensitivity for Scleroderma: 22-36%
- Scl-70 kD kinetochore (Anti-Topoisomerase I)
- Sensitivity for Scleroderma: 22-40%
- Anti-centromere
- Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
- Anti-Jo1 (sensitivity: 30%)
- Also in Raynaud's Phenomenon, pulmonary fibrosis
- Anti-Ku
- Anti-Mi2
- Anti-Jo1 (sensitivity: 30%)
- Non-specific
- Anti-histone
- Drug-induced Lupus sensitivity: 90%
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus sensitivity: 50%
- Anti-Ro (Anti-SSA)
- Sjogren's Syndrome sensitivity: 75%
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus sensitivity: 40%
- Anti-La (Anti-SSB)
- Sjogren's Syndrome sensitivity: 40%
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus sensitivity: 10-15%
- Anti-ssDNA
- Non-specific and rarely indicated
- Anti-histone
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- References
- Gladman in Klippel (1997) Rheumatic Diseases p. 255-6
- Peng in Ruddy (2001) Kelley's Rheumatology, p. 161-72
- Callegari (1995) Postgrad Med 97(4):65
- Lane (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(6):1073
