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Hypovitaminosis DAka: Vitamin D Deficiency
- See Also
- Rickets
- Epidemiology
- Vitamin D Deficiency is common in U.S.
- Incidence increasing due to Sunscreen use and less Time Outdoors
- Risk Factors
- Elderly
- Related to housebound status and decreased Vitamin D absorption
- Comorbid illness
- Malnourished
- Lack of Sun Exposure (or thorough sun screen use)
- Those with darker skin require 3-6 fold more exposure
- Renal disease (Renal Failure, Nephrotic Syndrome)
- Hepatic disease (Cirrhosis)
- Gastric surgery (resection or Gastric Bypass)
- Small Bowel Resection
- Medications
- Anticonvulsant use (e.g. Phenobarbital, Phenytoin)
- Requires 2-5 fold more Vitamin D intake daily
- Corticosteroids (long-term use)
- Rifampin
- Total Parenteral Nutrition
- Pathophysiology
- Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Altered secretion of Parathyroid Hormone
- Altered mineral ion metabolism
- Hypocalcemia
- Hypophosphatemia
- Mineralization defects in skeleton
- Osteomalacia in adults
- Rickets in children
- Step-by-step outcome of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Inadequate intestinal calcium absorption
- Results in Hypocalcemia
- Severe Hypocalcemia occurs in later deficiency
- PTH secreted to complensate for Hypocalcemia
- Results in secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Calcium mobilized from bone
- Increased PTH results in phosphate wasting
- Severe hypophophatemia results
- Symptoms
- Early
- Myalgias
- Later
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Osteoporosis
- Osteomalacia
- Symptomatic mineral disturbance
- See Hypocalcemia
- See Hypophosphatemia
- Differential diagnosis
- See Hypocalcemia
- See Hypophosphatemia
- See Hyperparathyroidism
- Myalgias
- See Polymyositis Differential Diagnosis
- Consider in those diagnosed with Fibromyalgia
- Labs
- Serum 25-Hyroxyvitamin D Level
- Preferred test (but expensive)
- Levels <20 ng/ml suggest deficiency
- Ionized Serum Calcium
- Serum Phosphorus
- Management
- Treat Hypocalcemia
- Symptomatic Hypocalcemia or Ionized Calcium <3.2 mg/dl
- Treat Hypophosphatemia
- Vitamin D Replacement
- See Vitamin D Replacement
- Vitamin D maintenance
- Maintain Vitamin D >30-40 ng/ml
- See Vitamin D for maintainance doses
- References
- Holick (2007) N Engl J Med 357(3):266
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