II. Indications

III. Management: Stage 1

  1. See Labor Coaching
  2. Consider Oxytocin Augmentation
  3. Consider Amniotomy
  4. Indications for cesarean delivery (arrested labor)
    1. Cervical dilation 6 cm AND
    2. No cervical change
      1. At 4 hours if adequate contractions (>200 Montevideo Units) or
      2. At 6 hours if inadequate contractions

IV. Management: Stage 2

  1. Consider Oxytocin Augmentation
  2. Avoid exhausting mother early
    1. Consider delayed maternal pushing (laboring down)
      1. Consider not pushing until involuntary urge to push
      2. Consider waiting until vertex approaches introitus
      3. Lemos (2017) Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD009124 [PubMed]
    2. Nulliparous patients with Epidural Anesthesia should be encouraged to start pushing on full cervical dilation
      1. Cahill (2018) JAMA 320(14): 1444-54 [PubMed]
      2. (2019) Obstet Gynecol 133(2): e164-73 [PubMed]
  3. Consider assisted Vaginal Delivery
    1. Vacuum Assisted Delivery
    2. Forceps Assisted Delivery
  4. Perineal Laceration prevention
    1. Avoid routine episiotomy (associated with worse perineal Lacerations and greater healing complications)
    2. Warm perineal compresses may reduce risk of third and Fourth Degree Perineal Lacerations
      1. Aasheim (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5):CD002006 [PubMed]
    3. Shorter pushes as the head is crowning may reduce perineal Lacerations
  5. Consider correction of malposition: Occiput Posterior
    1. See Manual Rotation in Occipitoposterior Presentation
    2. Maternal repositioning to hands and knees
      1. Not shown to assist in conversion to Occiput Anterior or to reduce Cesarean Section rates
      2. Hunter (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD001063 [PubMed]
  6. Maternal position change
    1. Walking and upright position is preferred over supine
    2. Position mother curling forward from hips
  7. Consider Intravenous Fluid
    1. Normal Saline infusion of 250 ml/h (instead of 125 ml/hour) may result in decreased labor duration and fewer C-Sections
      1. Ehsanipoor (2017) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 96(7): 804-11 [PubMed]

V. Management: Dystocia refractory to above management

VI. Preventive Measures

Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)

Related Studies