Pulmonology Book

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Respiratory RateAka: Breathing Rate, Tachypnea, Breathing Fast, Bradypnea, Breathing Slow

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  1. Definition
    1. Rapid Respiratory Rate
  2. Measurement
    1. Count for full minute with patient least distressed
    2. Count without patient aware of measurement
  3. Normal Respiratory Rate
    1. Newborns: Average 44 breaths per minute
    2. Infants: 20-40 breaths per minute
    3. Preschool children: 20-30 breaths per minute
    4. Older children: 16-25 breaths per minute
    5. Adults: 14 to 18 breaths per minute
  4. Criteria for Tachypnea
    1. Newborn to 2 months: 60 breaths per minute
    2. Infant 2 months to 1 year: 50 breaths per minute
    3. Preschool Child 1 to 5 years: 40 breaths per minute
    4. School age Child: 30 breaths per minute
  5. Causes of Tachypnea
    1. See Dyspnea
    2. Exertion
    3. Fever
    4. Pain
    5. Acute respiratory distress
    6. Congestive Heart Failure
    7. Anemia
    8. Hyperthyroidism
    9. Pneumonia
    10. Abdominal distention
    11. Respiratory muscle paralysis
    12. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    13. Pneumothorax
    14. Obesity
    15. Metabolic Acidosis
  6. Causes of Bradypnea
    1. Uremia
    2. Increased Intracranial Pressure
    3. Excessive Sedation
      1. Alcohol
      2. Benzodiazepines
      3. Illicit Drug use
      4. Morphine
  7. References
    1. Johnson (1993) Harriet Lane Handbook, p.335
    2. Degowin (1987) Diagnostic Exam, p. 279-80

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