II. Physiology

III. Interpretation: Normal Values per age (-2 to +2 S.D)

  1. Birth: 13.5 to 24.0 g/dl (mean 16.5 g/dl)
  2. Age <1 month: 10.0 to 20.0 g/dl (mean 13.9 g/dl)
  3. Age 1-2 months: 10.0 to 18.0 g/dl (mean 11.2 g/dl)
  4. Age 2-6 months: 9.5 to 14.0 g/dl (mean 12.6 g/dl)
  5. Age 0.5 to 2 years: 10.5 to 13.5 g/dl (mean 12.0 g/dl)
  6. Age 2 to 6 years: 11.5 to 13.5 g/dl (mean 12.5 g/dl)
  7. Age 6-12 years: 11.5 to 15.5 g/dl (mean 13.5)
  8. Male
    1. Age 12-18 years: 13.0 to 16.0 g/dl (mean 14.5 g/dl)
    2. Age >18 years: 13.6 to 17.7 g/dl (mean 15.5 g/dl)
  9. Female
    1. Age 12-18 years: 12.0 to 16.0 g/dl (mean 14.0 g/dl)
    2. Age >18 years: 12.1 to 15.1 g/dl (mean 14.0 g/dl)

IV. Interpretation: Anemia Cut-offs

  1. Men and adolescent males
    1. Age 12-18 years: <13 g/dl (mean 14.5 g/dl)
    2. Age >18 years: <13 g/dl (WHO) or <13.5 g/dl (CDC)
  2. Women and adolescent girls (Non-pregnant, non-lactating)
    1. Age 12-18 years: <12 g/dl (mean 14 g/dl)
    2. Age >18 years: <12 g/dl (WHO and CDC)
  3. Women in Pregnancy (CDC Guidelines <5th percentile)
    1. First Trimester: <11.0 g/dl
    2. Second Trimester: <10.5 g/dl
    3. Third Trimester: <11.0 g/dl
  4. Children (CDC Guidelines <5th percentile)
    1. Age 1-2 years: <10.5 g/dl
    2. Age 2-6 years: <11.5 g/dl (mean 12.5 g/dl)
    3. Age 6-12 years: <11.5 g/dl (mean 13.5 g/dl)
  5. Infants (2 S.D. below mean)
    1. Term (cord blood): <13.5 g/dl (mean 16.5 g/dl)
    2. Newborn (1-3 days): <14.5 g/dl (mean 18.5 g/dl)
    3. Age 2 weeks: <13.4 g/dl (mean 16.6 g/dl)
    4. Age 1 month: <10.7 g/dl (mean 13.9 g/dl)
    5. Age 2 months: <9.4 g/dl (mean 11.2 g/dl)
    6. Age 6 months: <10.5 g/dl (mean 12 g/dl)

V. Causes: Increased Hemoglobin

  1. Polycythemia Vera
  2. Vigorous Exercise
  3. High altitude

VI. Causes: Decreased Hemoglobin

  1. See Anemia

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