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Stingray

See Also
Pathophysiology
1. Venom gland at spine (base of tail)
2. Spine and/or venom gland may embed in wound site
Symptoms
1. Intense pain onset at time of sting
2. Nausea or Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
4. Muscle cramps
5. Salivation
6. Dyspnea
7. Headaches
8. Arrhythmias
Radiology
1. Consider for determining forign body
Management
1. Rinse wound site with water
2. Remove embedded foreign bodies
3. Control bleeding
4. Apply heat to area
  1. Heat inactivates toxin
  2. Submerse affected hand or foot in 108 to 113 mmHg
5. Observe for signs of wound infection
6. Antibiotics not indicated unless infection
Prevention
1. Shuffle feet while walking through shallow waters
References
1. Habif (1996) Dermatology, p. 491
2. Perkins (2004) Am Fam Physician 69(4):885

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