Dermatology Book

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Skin Anatomy

Aka: Skin Anatomy, Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Intraepidermal, Stratum Corneum, Cornified Layer, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Granular Layer, Stratum Sprinosum, Prickle Cell Layer, Stratum Germinativum, Stratum Basale, Basal Cell Layer, Keratinocyte, Langerhans Cell, Desmosome, Macula adherens
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  1. See Also
    1. Hair Follicle
    2. Sebaceous Gland
    3. Melanocyte
    4. Vascular Anatomy of the Skin
    5. Nail Anatomy
    6. hair Anatomy
  2. Anatomy
    1. Complete Cross Sectional Anatomy
      1. DermSkinAnatomy.jpg
      2. dermSkinXsFullThicknessGrayBB940.gifLewis (1918) Gray's Anatomy 20th ed (in public domain at Yahoo or BartleBy)
    2. Epidermis
      1. dermEpidermisGrayBB941.gifLewis (1918) Gray's Anatomy 20th ed (in public domain at Yahoo or BartleBy)
  3. Definitions
    1. Epidermis (external skin surface)
      1. Keratinised squamous epithelium
      2. Thickness
        1. Eyelids: 0.05 mm
        2. Palms and soles: 1.5 mm
    2. Dermis (supports Epidermis)
      1. Thick, dense, fibroelastic connective tissue
      2. Highly vascularized
      3. Contains sensory receptors
    3. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer)
      1. Loose connective tissue with adipose tissue
  4. Physiology: Skin Functions
    1. Sensation (largest sensory organ in the body)
    2. Protection
      1. Prevents dehydration
      2. Prevents infection
      3. Physical barrier to injury
      4. Protects against ultraviolet light injury (Melanin)
    3. Thermoregulation
      1. Insulation (hair and adipose tissue)
      2. Heat dissipation
        1. Sweat evaporation
        2. Increased blood flow
    4. Metabolic
      1. Energy storage of Triglycerides in adipose tissue
      2. Vitamin D synthesis
  5. Anatomy: Epidermis Cell Layers (cells mature from inner to outer)
    1. Stratum Corneum (Cornified Layer)
      1. Outermost layer of Epidermis
      2. Composed mostly of keratin (fibrous protein)
      3. Cells desquamated (27 days after production)
    2. Stratum Lucidum (present only in very thick skin)
    3. Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
      1. Darker layer with intracellular granules
      2. Produces keratin
    4. Stratum Spinosum (Prickle Cell Layer)
      1. Composed of Keratinocytes
      2. Cells produced by basal layer and growing
      3. Keratin production starts
    5. Stratum Germinativum (Stratum Basale, Basal Cell Layer)
      1. Innermost layer of Epidermis
      2. Cells are produced here in the germinal layer
      3. Forms the prickle cells in the layer above
  6. Anatomy: Interspersed cells and units
    1. See Hair Follicle
    2. See Sweat Gland
    3. See Sebaceous Gland
    4. See Melanocyte
    5. Merkel's Cell
    6. Langerhans Cells (in Prickle Layer)
      1. Dendritic histiocytic cells
      2. Intercept antigenic signal and pass to lymphoid cells
    7. Desmosome (Macula adherens)
      1. Intercellular bridge that attaches epidermal cells
      2. Small dense Plaque with protruding tonofilaments
  7. References
    1. Habif (1996) Clinical Dermatology, Mosby, p. 24
    2. Murphy in Cotran (1989) Robbins Pathology, p. 1277-8
    3. Wheater (1987) Functional Histology, p. 130-2

Desmosomes (C0011703)

Definition (GO) A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815332181]
Definition (MSH) A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Definition (NCI) Desmosomes are intercellular anchoring junctions that anchor intermediate filaments at membrane-associated plaques in adjoining cells. Desmosomes assemble in response to cell-cell contact and raised levels of extracellular calcium. Sensitivity to calcium levels is lost as desmosomes mature.
Concepts Cell Component (T026)
MSH D003896
SnomedCT 4573009
English Desmosomes, desmosome, macula adherens, spot desmosome, Desmosoma, desmosomes, Desmosome, Macula adherens, Desmosome (cell structure), Desmosome (body structure), Macula Adherens, Spot Desmosome
French Desmosomes
Swedish Bindkroppar
Czech desmozómy
Finnish Desmosomit
Russian DESMOSOMY, ДЕСМОСОМЫ
Polish Desmosomy, Plamka przylegania
Spanish desmosoma (estructura celular), desmosoma (estructura corporal), desmosoma, mácula adherente, Desmosomas
German Desmosomen
Italian Desmosomi
Dutch Desmosoom, Macula adhaerens
Portuguese Desmossomos
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Intraepidermal Route of Administration (C1512941)

Definition (NCI) Administration of a drug within the superficial epithelial layer of the skin.
Definition (NCI) Administration within the epidermis. (FDA)
Concepts Functional Concept (T169)
English I-EPIDERM, Intraepidermal Route of Administration, INTRAEPIDERMAL, Intraepidermal
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


keratinocyte (C0022567)

Definition (CSP) vertebrate, epidermal cell of ectodermal origin.
Definition (MSH) Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
Definition (NCI) Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
Concepts Cell (T025)
MSH D015603
SnomedCT 74447004
English Keratinocytes, Keratinized cell of epidermis, keratinocytes, Keratinocyte, Keratinocyte (cell), keratinocyte
French Kératinocyte, Kératinocytes
Swedish Keratinocyter
Czech keratinocyty
Finnish Keratinosyytit
Russian KERATINOTSITY, КЕРАТИНОЦИТЫ
Portuguese Queratinócitos, Ceratinócitos
Croatian KERATINOCITI
Latvian Keratinocīti
Polish Keratynocyty
Spanish queratinocito (célula), queratinocito, Queratinocitos
German Keratinozyten
Italian Cheratinociti
Dutch Keratinocyt, Keratinocyten
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Stratum Basale (C0221925)

Concepts Tissue (T024)
SnomedCT 62650009
Spanish estrato germinativo, estructura del estrato germinativo (estructura corporal), estructura del estrato germinativo, estrato germinativo (estructura corporal), estrato basal, estrato de células basales
English basal layer (epidermis), stratum basale, Stratum germinativum structure, Basal cell layer of epidermis, Stratum basalis of epidermis, Stratum basale of epidermis, basal cell layer, stratum germinativum, Basal cell layer, Stratum germinativum, Stratum basale, Basal Layer, Rete Malpighii, Stratum Germinativum, Stratum germinativum (body structure), Stratum germinativum structure (body structure), Stratum Basale
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Stratum granulosum (C0221923)

Concepts Tissue (T024)
SnomedCT 49874001
Spanish estrato granuloso, estructura del estrato granuloso (estructura corporal), estructura del estrato granuloso, estrato granuloso (estructura corporal)
English granular layer (epidermis), stratum granulosum, Stratum granulosum structure, Stratum granulosum of epidermis, Granular layer of epidermis, Granular Layer, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum granulosum (body structure), Stratum granulosum structure (body structure), Stratum granulosum
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Subcutaneous Tissue (C0278403)

Definition (MSH) Loose connective tissue lying under the DERMIS, which binds SKIN loosely to subjacent tissues. It may contain a pad of ADIPOCYTES, which vary in number according to the area of the body and vary in size according to the nutritional state.
Concepts Tissue (T024)
MSH D040521
SnomedCT 71966008
English Hypodermis, SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES, Subcutaneous connective tissue, NOS, Subcutaneous tissue, NOS, SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES: GENERAL TERMS, Subcutaneous Tissues and Structures, hypodermis, 03 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES, 030 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES: GENERAL TERMS, Superficial fascia, hypoderm, superficial fascia, subcutaneous tissues, subcutaneous tissue, Fascia, Superficial, Tela Subcutanea, Tissue, Subcutaneous, Tissues, Subcutaneous, Subcutaneous Tissues, Hypoderm, Subcutaneous tissue, Tela subcutanea, Subcutaneous connective tissue, Subcutaneous tissue structure (body structure), Subcutaneous tissue structure, Superficial Fascia, Subcutaneous Tissue
French Toile sous-cutanée, Tela subcutanea, Hypoderme, Tissu sous-cutané
Swedish Subkutan vävnad
Czech hypodermis, subkutánní tkáň, fascia superficialis
Finnish Ihonalaiskudos
Russian GIPODERMIS, KLETCHATKA PODKOZHNAIA, PODKOZHNAIA KLETCHATKA, PODKOZHNAIA TKAN', ГИПОДЕРМИС, КЛЕТЧАТКА ПОДКОЖНАЯ, ПОДКОЖНАЯ КЛЕТЧАТКА, ПОДКОЖНАЯ ТКАНЬ
Italian Tela subcutanea, Ipoderma, Fascia superficiale, Tessuto sottocutaneo
Latvian Zemādas audi
Spanish tela subcutanea, estructura del tejido celular subcutáneo (estructura corporal), estructura del tejido celular subcutáneo, hipodermis, tejido celular subcutáneo, tejido conectivo subcutáneo, tejido conjuntivo subcutáneo, tejido subcutáneo, Fascia Superficial, Hipodermis, Tejido Subcutaneo, Tela Subcutanea, Tejido Subcutáneo, Tela Subcutánea
Polish Tkanka podskórna
Japanese 組織-皮下, 皮下組織
German Hypoderm, Hypodermis, Subkutis, Unterhautgewebe
Dutch Fascia, oppervlakkige, Hypodermis, Onderhuid, Onderhuids weefsel, Subcutaan weefsel
Portuguese Hipoderme, Fáscia Superficial, Tecido Subcutâneo, Tela Subcutânea
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Epidermis (C0014520)

Definition (CHV) the outer layer of skin
Definition (NCI) The outer layer of the two main layers of the skin.
Definition (MSH) The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).
Definition (NCI) The epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). It consists of the following layers: stratum corneum (horny layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer).
Concepts Tissue (T024)
MSH D004817
SnomedCT 55988001
English epidermis, Epidermal, Epidermis structure (body structure), Epidermis structure, Epidermis
Swedish Överhud
Czech epidermis
Finnish Orvaskesi
Russian EPIDERMIS, ЭПИДЕРМИС
Croatian EPIDERMIS
Polish Naskórek
Spanish epidermis, estructura de la epidermis (estructura corporal), estructura de la epidermis, Epidermis
French Épiderme
German Epidermis
Italian Epidermide
Dutch Epidermis, Opperhuid
Portuguese Epiderme
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Dermis (C0011646)

Definition (FMA) Dense irregular connective tissue which consists of a papillary layer and a reticular layer.
Definition (NCI) The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin. The dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. It is made up of a thin upper layer called the papillary dermis, and a thick lower layer called the reticular dermis.
Definition (UWDA) Dense irregular connective tissue which consists of a papillary layer and a reticular layer.
Definition (MSH) A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
Concepts Tissue (T024)
MSH D020405
SnomedCT 53534000
English Corium, dermis, corium, dermis structure, dermi, Dermis structure (body structure), Dermis structure, Dermis, Cutis
Spanish Corion (Dermis), dermis, estructura de la dermis (estructura corporal), estructura de la dermis, Corium, Dermis
French Corium, Derme
Swedish Läderhud
Czech corium, škára
Finnish Verinahka
Russian DERMA, KORIUM, ДЕРМА, КОРИУМ
Japanese 真皮
Italian Corium, Derma
Polish Skóra właściwa, Corium
German Corium, Dermis
Dutch Dermis, Dermis (huid), Huid
Portuguese Cório, Corium, Derme
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Skin (C1123023)

Definition (FMA) Organ system subdivision which consists of the skin and the superficial fascia. Examples: There is only one integument.
Definition (NCI) An organ that constitutes the external surface of the body. It consists of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages. (NCI)
Definition (OMS) Natural covering of the body.
Definition (UWDA) Organ system subdivision which consists of the skin and the superficial fascia. Examples: There is only one integument.
Definition (UWDA) Nonparenchymatous organ that consists of the dermis and epidermis. Subdivisions of the skin surround various body parts; as a whole, the skin constitutes the external layer of the body. Examples: There is only one skin.
Definition (MSH) The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Definition (NCI) An organ that constitutes the external surface of the body. It consists of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages.
Definition (CSP) covering of the outer region of the body that protects it from the environment.
Concepts Body System (T022)
MSH D012867
SnomedCT 181606000, 39937001
English Integument, Skin, Skin, NOS, skin, SKIN, Skin NOS, cutaneous tissue, integument, skin system, 010-012 SKIN, Integumentum commune, The integument, Skin NOS (body structure), skinned, skins, skin structure, integumental system, Integument of body, Integumental system, Skin structure (body structure), Skin structure, Skin (Anatomy)
Swedish Hud
Czech kůže
Finnish Iho
Russian KOZHA, КОЖА
Croatian KOŽA
Latvian Not Translated[Skin]
Polish Skóra
Spanish estructura de la piel (estructura corporal), estructura de la piel, piel, SAI (estructura corporal), piel, SAI, piel, Piel
French Peau
German Haut
Italian Pelle
Dutch Huid
Portuguese Pele
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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